My brother makes a mean curry. No, I do not mean hot; in our family we do not like hot spices, so the curry is actually mild, but flavoured just so, that makes it unforguettable. Last year, when our mother was so very sick, he and my sister-in-law came from Portugal to stay with us and visit with mom one last time.
While here my brother made several dishes, being this curry one of them. It is the most delicious curry I've ever tasted. It has a thick sauce and a recognizable flavour of coconut.
Being dark meat my favourite, in this recipe I used deboned chicken thighs that I had in the fridge and served the curry with basmati rice and steamed broccoli.
My Brother's Chicken Curry
1 kg. chicken pieces (2 lbs.)
2 tablespoons curry powder
1 1/2 cups full-fat milk
2 oz creamed coconut (about 1/3 of a 6oz package)
3 large onions
4 cloves garlic
2 tomatoes, peeled and chopped
1 bay leaf
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 tablespoon butter or ghee
1 Knorr chicken buillon
Put a large dutch oven on the stove element, add the olive oil and butter. Add the chopped onion and garlic and cook over low heat for about 12 minutes or until translucent.
Increase the heat to high, drop the chicken pieces and cook the meat all over. Add the milk, curry powder, and creamed coconut. Lower heat, add the chicken buillon and let simmer for about 20 to 30 minutes, stirring every now and then.
If the sauce is not thick enough, let cook a while longer to reduce the liquid.
Monday, May 30, 2005
Thursday, May 26, 2005
Fast Food, Portuguese Way
I have been outside in the garden since about 9:00 a.m. and at noon I was both famished and tired. Fortunately I had a baguette of fresh country wheat bread, purchased this morning at Loblaws Supermarket when I went to get some lawn seed. That baguette put me in the mood for a sardine sandwich with a salad of vine-ripened tomatoes which looked like they would not take their stay in the counter for much longer.
This sandwich is the easiest and fastest thing to prepare. All you need is the bread, a can of Portuguese sardines in olive or vegetable oil and that's it. You can add some onion thinly sliced, but I prefer the unaided taste of the sardines and the bread, so I did not add onions to my sandwich.
A can of sardines in olive oil has four sardines, just enough for one sandwich. I let drip some of the oil in one side of the bread and then just put the sardines on the other, just so. Press down.
By the way, the little curve on the bottom left side of the sandwich is my first bite, which I had taken when suddently I realized that people might like to see a picture of the sardines on the bread. Sorry guys. Hope I'm not grossing people out.
For the salad, I just prepared two small tomatoes, sprinkled some oregano and added salt at the table. In my view, any other dressing would detract.
This sandwich is the easiest and fastest thing to prepare. All you need is the bread, a can of Portuguese sardines in olive or vegetable oil and that's it. You can add some onion thinly sliced, but I prefer the unaided taste of the sardines and the bread, so I did not add onions to my sandwich.
A can of sardines in olive oil has four sardines, just enough for one sandwich. I let drip some of the oil in one side of the bread and then just put the sardines on the other, just so. Press down.
By the way, the little curve on the bottom left side of the sandwich is my first bite, which I had taken when suddently I realized that people might like to see a picture of the sardines on the bread. Sorry guys. Hope I'm not grossing people out.
For the salad, I just prepared two small tomatoes, sprinkled some oregano and added salt at the table. In my view, any other dressing would detract.
Wednesday, May 25, 2005
Squirrels 1, nursery 0
These beautiful tulips came out recently in a corner of my garden. I was confused because I knew for sure that I had not planted tulips in that spot. My neighbour told me that this was the work of squirrels, those pesky little creatures (at least that's what I heard gardeners call them).
Well, it looks like they know a thing or two I did not know. I always planted my bulbs, dutifully, as the nursery said in the little pamphlet accompanying the purchase: "you should plant the bulbs 6-inches apart". And my plantings look like ducks in a row and not very appealing unless you have a garden full of them--an expensive proposition in a one-time shot. So my plantings look like so...
And in this way I found out how am I going to plant my bulbs next. Three or four in each hole. Talking to another friend, an accomplished gardener who apparently has been to Squirrel University too, she mentioned that she always plants her bulbs this way. The plants look s much better in the garden!
I have been working hard designing and preparing my front garden. It is coming up slowly, even with my neighbour helping out, but I believe it will be gorgeous. Suffice to say that all work is being done around those tulips.
Soon, I hope to have more pictures and an update of the work.
Friday, May 20, 2005
SHF # 8 Disaster
Pity I don't have a picture of my entry for Sugar High Friday # 8 (hosted by "My Adventures in the Breadbox" a defunct blog). I made it on Wednesday (May 18). The recipe of choice among mom's recipes was an Orange Pudding. The recipe called for boiling the sugar in a bit of water to the pearl stage, then add the beaten eggs and the orange juice. The pudding was then poured into a buttered pan and baked inside a baking sheet with hot-water. The recipe did not say for how long so I left for about 45 minutes. In the meantime, the orange rinds were candied, passed through the meat-grinder back into the sugar syrup to be poured over the unmolded finished pudding. So far so good.
I tested for doneness and the tester came out clean. So I took the pudding out of the oven and let it sit for about 5 minutes. I chose a nice deep dish that would look good in the picture. I put the serving dish over the pan and inverted the lot. I heard the pudding unmold with no problem; I did not even need to tap the pan.
When I uncovered it I could not believe my eyes. The pudding was a gooey mass of cooked eggs in the bottom of the serving dish. It is not that it broke when unmolding. It is that it was cooked in tiny pieces and never took the shape of the pan. Could it be that when I added the beaten eggs the sugar syrup was still too hot and cooked the eggs before going into the oven? Was it too much orange juice? Was this the reason why I don't remember mom ever doing it?
The taste was excellent but the texture is that of very sweet scrambled eggs in a puddle of orange syrup. Well, maybe I can serve it with buttered bread at the next EOMEOTE.
In the meantime, I got the 15 yards of soil dumped in my driveway yesterday evening and I am going to concentrate on gardening.
I tested for doneness and the tester came out clean. So I took the pudding out of the oven and let it sit for about 5 minutes. I chose a nice deep dish that would look good in the picture. I put the serving dish over the pan and inverted the lot. I heard the pudding unmold with no problem; I did not even need to tap the pan.
When I uncovered it I could not believe my eyes. The pudding was a gooey mass of cooked eggs in the bottom of the serving dish. It is not that it broke when unmolding. It is that it was cooked in tiny pieces and never took the shape of the pan. Could it be that when I added the beaten eggs the sugar syrup was still too hot and cooked the eggs before going into the oven? Was it too much orange juice? Was this the reason why I don't remember mom ever doing it?
The taste was excellent but the texture is that of very sweet scrambled eggs in a puddle of orange syrup. Well, maybe I can serve it with buttered bread at the next EOMEOTE.
In the meantime, I got the 15 yards of soil dumped in my driveway yesterday evening and I am going to concentrate on gardening.
Tuesday, May 17, 2005
Gnocchi with Red Pepper Sauce
Dreska has called for May to be the pasta month, and so yesterday I made this dish that I saw for the first time in the November 1997 issue of Canadian Living Magazine. I was, at the time, trying to make more vegetarian meals and this recipe caught my attention. We all loved this dish and I still make it regularly.
The original recipe called for fresh gnocchi from the supermarket aisles. It is an easy recipe to make, very fillings and the intense flavour of the red pepper in the sauce is just scrumptious. I was planning to make my own gnocchi but unfortunately time is scarce right now so I opted for using packaged fresh gnocchi.
Gnocchi with Rep Pepper Sauce
3 medium red peppers
1 tablespoon olive oil
2 large onions, chopped
4 cloves garlic, chopped
1 1/2 teaspoons dried basil
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 cup canned tomatoes
1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar
600 grams fresh pasta
6 tablespoons Parmesan cheese, grated
Seed and core the red peppers and cut into 1/2-inch pieces. In a large skillet heat the oil over medium-high heat; cook the onions, red peppers, garlic, basil, salt and pepper, stirring often, for about 12 minutes or until the onions are softened. Add tomatoes and vinegar. Bring to a boil and cook until liquid is reduced.
Meanwhile, in large pot of boiled salted water, cook the gnocchi according to package directions, until they float in the surface. Drain. Mix with the sauce and divide into 6 portions.
The original recipe called for fresh gnocchi from the supermarket aisles. It is an easy recipe to make, very fillings and the intense flavour of the red pepper in the sauce is just scrumptious. I was planning to make my own gnocchi but unfortunately time is scarce right now so I opted for using packaged fresh gnocchi.
Gnocchi with Rep Pepper Sauce
3 medium red peppers
1 tablespoon olive oil
2 large onions, chopped
4 cloves garlic, chopped
1 1/2 teaspoons dried basil
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 cup canned tomatoes
1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar
600 grams fresh pasta
6 tablespoons Parmesan cheese, grated
Seed and core the red peppers and cut into 1/2-inch pieces. In a large skillet heat the oil over medium-high heat; cook the onions, red peppers, garlic, basil, salt and pepper, stirring often, for about 12 minutes or until the onions are softened. Add tomatoes and vinegar. Bring to a boil and cook until liquid is reduced.
Meanwhile, in large pot of boiled salted water, cook the gnocchi according to package directions, until they float in the surface. Drain. Mix with the sauce and divide into 6 portions.
Sunday, May 15, 2005
Cookbook meme
I found out about this meme when getting my daily fix at Delicious: Days, and found out that this meme was started by Anthony of "Spiceblog". Thanks Anthony for a very good idea. So, without further ado, here are my photos and answers.
1. Rationale behind what we're seeing
I have more cookbooks than this. Several are in boxes in the basement because the top floor is being renovated (while I still live here) and I have very little shelf space. Inside the black magazine folders on the bottom shelf of the photo on the right I have my partial collection of Canadian Living Magazine, which has a large food section. I love buying second hand cookbooks even more than new ones. It always gives me the feeling of getting a treasure that would otherwise be lost.
2. Most recommended
Mmmm! Tough call...Maybe Classic Cooking Step by Step, by Moyra Fraser. All the recipes I've cooked from this book have turned out fantastic. More importantly, the pictures are fabulous. It is the book I pick when I want to dream and drool.
3. Cookbook that made you what you were
Actually a Portuguese cookbook called O Livro de Pantagruel. It was first published in 1948 and my mom used it quite often. I just found out that it is still in print in Portugal and have ordered it. Isn't it wonderful to go back in time...?
4. Porniest cookbook
Difficult to say. I have three or four that fit that description.
5. Sophie's choice cookbook
The Fannie Farmer Boston Cookbook
6. If you were a cookbook what cookbook would you be?
I would say the same as #5.
7. If your cookbook were extremely valuable, so valuable you might hide it with other valuables, where would that place be?
The safety deposit box in the bank? Then I would have to have a photocopy of the whole book to be able to use it. Otherwise it would be useless and therefore not so valuable.
I have more cookbooks than this. Several are in boxes in the basement because the top floor is being renovated (while I still live here) and I have very little shelf space. Inside the black magazine folders on the bottom shelf of the photo on the right I have my partial collection of Canadian Living Magazine, which has a large food section. I love buying second hand cookbooks even more than new ones. It always gives me the feeling of getting a treasure that would otherwise be lost.
2. Most recommended
Mmmm! Tough call...Maybe Classic Cooking Step by Step, by Moyra Fraser. All the recipes I've cooked from this book have turned out fantastic. More importantly, the pictures are fabulous. It is the book I pick when I want to dream and drool.
3. Cookbook that made you what you were
Actually a Portuguese cookbook called O Livro de Pantagruel. It was first published in 1948 and my mom used it quite often. I just found out that it is still in print in Portugal and have ordered it. Isn't it wonderful to go back in time...?
4. Porniest cookbook
Difficult to say. I have three or four that fit that description.
5. Sophie's choice cookbook
The Fannie Farmer Boston Cookbook
6. If you were a cookbook what cookbook would you be?
I would say the same as #5.
7. If your cookbook were extremely valuable, so valuable you might hide it with other valuables, where would that place be?
The safety deposit box in the bank? Then I would have to have a photocopy of the whole book to be able to use it. Otherwise it would be useless and therefore not so valuable.
Saturday, May 14, 2005
The Garden
I apologize for staying away from this blog for all this time but now that the snow is gone and the days are warmer, many of my days will be spent starting my garden. I have not done much until now. The house needed several big repairs including moisture protection to the foundation wall and there's nothing better to wreck gardens that digging around the foundation.
You can see in the picture of my front garden (maybe front earth expanse would be a more apt term) and also the backyard. I am going to take a week off work and order about 22 cubic yards of black earth (a full truck load). It is going to be backbreaking work.
Thursday, May 05, 2005
Spaghetti with Turkey, Chorizo, and Vegetables
I had a more elaborate pasta dish in mind for today, to send to Dreska, but with timing constraints in effect, I had to settle for this simple dish created with whatever I could find in the refrigerator. Still, the end result was very tasty, even if the picture was not as eye-catching as the gnocchi with red pepper sauce I was planning to make. Well, the weekend is coming.
The story of this dish started sometime last week when I saw some beautiful turkey drumsticks on sale at the Loeb (now Metro) near my house. The drumsticks were big...must have been a huge bird. I like turkey dark meat. It is drier than chicken dark meat, but it is very inexpensive and lends itself to many excellent dishes.
Monday, I dumped 2 drumsticks in my slow-cooker, with carrots, onions, plenty of garlic, 2 bay leaves, salt, peppercorns, some fresh thyme and rosemary I had in the fridge, covered the whole thing with water and let it slow-cook away while I was at work. When I returned home the whole house smelled divine and I ended up with about 6 cups of excellent stock and about 4 cups of cooked turkey dark meat ready to use. Look at the size of those drumsticks. My slow-cooker is a 6-quart size.
So yesterday after realizing that it was too late to attempt gnocchi, I thought of making a quick dish of pasta and maybe chorizo and vegetables. Looking into the fridge I saw the turkey meat and voilá!
The picture of the finished dish shows little colour contrast because I used whole-wheat pasta (trying to get my roughage here!) Had I used regular paste the dish might look a little more photogenic.
Spaghetti with Turkey, Chorizo and Vegetables
- whole-wheat spaghetti enough for 2 servings
- 4 tbsp olive oil
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 4 cloves garlic, chopped
- 2 cups chopped cooked turkey dark meat
- about 5-inches chorizo, sliced fine and chopped
- salt and freshly ground pepper
I served mine with steamed green beans, tomato and endive. The endive was a last minute addition. I was not sure if the flavour would mix well with the others, but it was looking forlorn in my fridge so it ended up in the plate. Would I recommend its use in this dish? Not particularly.
Tuesday, May 03, 2005
"New" old cookbooks
I saw some old cookbooks on ebay and decided to purchase the whole lot: 5 cookbooks - 25 pounds of hardcovered material. I actually found them while searching for a cookbook I used to have "The How-To Book of Healthy Cooking" from Reader's Digest.
Sometime in the early 90's I borrowed that book from our Public Library. I liked what I saw, tried a couple of recipes and was very happy with the result. The recipes were easy to make, used everyday ingredients that one usually has in the pantry, and the end result was delicious. Actually, what impressed me the most was that my younger son was interested enough to try his hand at cooking. Many recipes have step by step pictures which makes it easy for beginners.
So, after I returned the book to the Library I decided to purchase my own copy. Some four years ago when my younger son left home he took the book with him, saying he considered it an early inheritance.
Every now and then I thought of looking for another copy but never got around to it. Lately though, I found myself thinking about the book and some of the very useful information it contained. My searches through Amazon.ca, Chapters and even Readers Digest bore no fruit so I believe it must be out of print. That's when I thought of ebay and hit gold.
Besides the book I was looking for, the person was also selling some others and I decided to purchase them all. They were dirt cheap. So here are my "new" cookbooks:
The Complete Illustrated Step by Step Cookbook, by Judith Ferguson - as the name indicates it has ste-by-step photos for every recipe, one recipe per 2-pages, and focus on the cuisine of 8 countries: France, Italy, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain, China and Mexico. It has some interesting recipes but not the best of the lot.
The Good Housekeeping Illustrated Cookbook, by Zoe Coulson, Director of the Good Housekeeping Institute - again it is full of photos and drawings. From page 18 to 77 it has a photo index of if not all the recipes in the book at least a good number of them. This is a nice feature: we can look and drool before we attempt. This is my second book with this feature and I'm looking forward to trying some of its recipes.
The Treasure of Creative Cooking, by the Editors of Consummers Guide. It features award-winnig recipes from entries submitted to contests in country fairs and and produce boards. An interesting book, it is all I can say for now. It is out of print. I could not find it, not even in the second-hand stores that work in tandem with Amazon.ca.
Featuring 4,400 recipes The Culinary Arts Institute Cookbook, is probably the one I am more in awe of. I don't think I'll have the time to try all the recipes in this huge book.
Stay tune...recipes following shortly.
Sometime in the early 90's I borrowed that book from our Public Library. I liked what I saw, tried a couple of recipes and was very happy with the result. The recipes were easy to make, used everyday ingredients that one usually has in the pantry, and the end result was delicious. Actually, what impressed me the most was that my younger son was interested enough to try his hand at cooking. Many recipes have step by step pictures which makes it easy for beginners.
So, after I returned the book to the Library I decided to purchase my own copy. Some four years ago when my younger son left home he took the book with him, saying he considered it an early inheritance.
Every now and then I thought of looking for another copy but never got around to it. Lately though, I found myself thinking about the book and some of the very useful information it contained. My searches through Amazon.ca, Chapters and even Readers Digest bore no fruit so I believe it must be out of print. That's when I thought of ebay and hit gold.
Besides the book I was looking for, the person was also selling some others and I decided to purchase them all. They were dirt cheap. So here are my "new" cookbooks:
The Complete Illustrated Step by Step Cookbook, by Judith Ferguson - as the name indicates it has ste-by-step photos for every recipe, one recipe per 2-pages, and focus on the cuisine of 8 countries: France, Italy, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain, China and Mexico. It has some interesting recipes but not the best of the lot.
The Good Housekeeping Illustrated Cookbook, by Zoe Coulson, Director of the Good Housekeeping Institute - again it is full of photos and drawings. From page 18 to 77 it has a photo index of if not all the recipes in the book at least a good number of them. This is a nice feature: we can look and drool before we attempt. This is my second book with this feature and I'm looking forward to trying some of its recipes.
The Treasure of Creative Cooking, by the Editors of Consummers Guide. It features award-winnig recipes from entries submitted to contests in country fairs and and produce boards. An interesting book, it is all I can say for now. It is out of print. I could not find it, not even in the second-hand stores that work in tandem with Amazon.ca.
Featuring 4,400 recipes The Culinary Arts Institute Cookbook, is probably the one I am more in awe of. I don't think I'll have the time to try all the recipes in this huge book.
Stay tune...recipes following shortly.
Sunday, May 01, 2005
Away in a workshop
I just returned from a departmental 4-day workshop. It was a lot of work and very interesting. I learned a lot.
Have several things to post but I am busy with a genealogical site that I also maintain and unfortunately the day has only so many hours.
I have some "new" old cookbooks and have already started to try recipes from them, which turned out very good. I hope I will be able to post them soon.
Have several things to post but I am busy with a genealogical site that I also maintain and unfortunately the day has only so many hours.
I have some "new" old cookbooks and have already started to try recipes from them, which turned out very good. I hope I will be able to post them soon.
Sunday, April 24, 2005
Torta de Laranja - IMBB # 14
Thanks to Foodgoat and Ladygoat for hosting this month's edition of Is-My-Blog-Burning and the theme is orange.
This was an easy one for me. Mom's Recipe Book has plenty of recipes featuring oranges, not to mention the orange colour and the one I chose is an orange-based rolled pudding she used to make quite often.
"Torta de Laranja," can be translated maybe as Orange Roly-Poly. In Portuguese a torta is the name given to any confection baked in a low baking sheet and then rolled from one of the sides. In Italian and Spanish the word torta means pie. In Portuguese, like in French, we use the word tarte to mean pie and torta for the rolled confection. By the way, the Brazilians sometimes use rocambole instead of torta. According to my dicttionary, in Brazilian Portuguese a rocambole is a spirited dance. In mainland Portuguese we do not have the word rocambole, but we do have rocambolesco, which means entangled. Anyway leave it up to the Brazilians to come up with the cuttest expressions.
This recipe looks very involved but is really quite simple to make and the rolling gives it a very polished apearance. Tortas can be sweet or savoury and can have a filling or not. The texture of this dessert torta is pudding-like and it has no filling.
The trick with this recipe is to cover the bottom of the greased baking sheet with parchment or wax paper and them grease again. This will ensure that the pudding will unmold. Once baked this pudding will be slightly less than 1/2-inch in height and very fragile. Unmld it onto a clean piece of cloth or paper that has been well sprinkled with sugar. This cloth will then help you roll the pudding.
This dessert it is very sweet, so I recommend that you serve it with crème fraiche or maybe a little chantilly made with very little sugar.
Torta de Laranja
Mix well the butter and the sugar. Add eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition. In the end add the Port wine and the orange juice and mix until well blended. The batter will be very liquid.
Put the pan in the pre-heated oven and cook for about 40 minutes or until you insert the tip of a knife in the pudding and it comes out clean.
While the pudding is cooking, prepare either a clean kitchen cloth or a sheet of parchment or wax paper to receive the cooked pudding. The cloth or paper has to be slightly larger than the pan you baked the pudding in. Sprinkle with sugar.
Take the pan out of the oven and wait about 5 minutes to let it cool a bit. The sides of the pudding should separate from the pan, but you can pass a knife around the sides of the pudding, just to make sure. Unmold ont the prepared cloth. Carefully, peel the parchment paper off. Choose the side you want to roll from. I rolled mine from the shorter side. With the help of the cloth, carefully roll your pudding. At the end, tighten the cloth a little bit around the roll, to help it keep its shape. Sometimes, as the puddingf cools it has a tendency to break at the sides. Keeping the cloth or paper around it for a while will help it keep its shape.
Carefully, peel the cloth off and transfer the torta to the serving plate. This quantity is enough for 4 people.
This was an easy one for me. Mom's Recipe Book has plenty of recipes featuring oranges, not to mention the orange colour and the one I chose is an orange-based rolled pudding she used to make quite often.
"Torta de Laranja," can be translated maybe as Orange Roly-Poly. In Portuguese a torta is the name given to any confection baked in a low baking sheet and then rolled from one of the sides. In Italian and Spanish the word torta means pie. In Portuguese, like in French, we use the word tarte to mean pie and torta for the rolled confection. By the way, the Brazilians sometimes use rocambole instead of torta. According to my dicttionary, in Brazilian Portuguese a rocambole is a spirited dance. In mainland Portuguese we do not have the word rocambole, but we do have rocambolesco, which means entangled. Anyway leave it up to the Brazilians to come up with the cuttest expressions.
This recipe looks very involved but is really quite simple to make and the rolling gives it a very polished apearance. Tortas can be sweet or savoury and can have a filling or not. The texture of this dessert torta is pudding-like and it has no filling.
The trick with this recipe is to cover the bottom of the greased baking sheet with parchment or wax paper and them grease again. This will ensure that the pudding will unmold. Once baked this pudding will be slightly less than 1/2-inch in height and very fragile. Unmld it onto a clean piece of cloth or paper that has been well sprinkled with sugar. This cloth will then help you roll the pudding.
This dessert it is very sweet, so I recommend that you serve it with crème fraiche or maybe a little chantilly made with very little sugar.
Torta de Laranja
- 250 gr. sugar (1 cup + 2 tbsp)
- 6 eggs
- 1 tbsp butter
- 1 tbsp Port wine
- Juice of 2 oranges (about 1 cup liquid)
Mix well the butter and the sugar. Add eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition. In the end add the Port wine and the orange juice and mix until well blended. The batter will be very liquid.
Put the pan in the pre-heated oven and cook for about 40 minutes or until you insert the tip of a knife in the pudding and it comes out clean.
While the pudding is cooking, prepare either a clean kitchen cloth or a sheet of parchment or wax paper to receive the cooked pudding. The cloth or paper has to be slightly larger than the pan you baked the pudding in. Sprinkle with sugar.
Take the pan out of the oven and wait about 5 minutes to let it cool a bit. The sides of the pudding should separate from the pan, but you can pass a knife around the sides of the pudding, just to make sure. Unmold ont the prepared cloth. Carefully, peel the parchment paper off. Choose the side you want to roll from. I rolled mine from the shorter side. With the help of the cloth, carefully roll your pudding. At the end, tighten the cloth a little bit around the roll, to help it keep its shape. Sometimes, as the puddingf cools it has a tendency to break at the sides. Keeping the cloth or paper around it for a while will help it keep its shape.
Carefully, peel the cloth off and transfer the torta to the serving plate. This quantity is enough for 4 people.
Friday, April 22, 2005
Cake de Macau
Again another of my mother's recipes for this mont's Sugar High Friday, and thanks to Derrick from An Obssession with Food for hosting this event and coming up with the theme.
Now molasses is not an ingredient that is very much used in Portuguese cookery so I thought that I might have to go somewhere else for my entry this time.
To my surprise, I found this recipe, named literally "Cake from Macao." The usage of the English work Cake in the name of the recipe is a dead give away that probably this recipe was British at one point in time, and just traveled from Hong Kong to Macao and then, as recipes get shared among friends and canasta parties, it ended up being called the cake from Macao.
I was intrigued by the usage of both brandy and anisette liqueur in this cake (I used Napoleon Cortel and Marie Brizard Anisette Liqueur), but the flavours were not discernible in the final product. The blackstrap molasses I used might be the culprit, its intense flavour overshadowing the other subtler flavours in the cake. I will have to try this recipe with a lighter molasses; it might prove to be less overpowering.
The cake is fine textured and very flavourful. The original recipe did not include baking powder but I did add some. Was afraid the cake would be too dense without it.
Cake de Macau
Beat together butter and sugar until you get a pale cream. Add the eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. Add the molasses, spirits and mix well. Finally add the flour mixture and mix until blended. Add the fruits.
Pour the batter into a well greased loaf pan and bake for about 50 minutes or until done.
Now molasses is not an ingredient that is very much used in Portuguese cookery so I thought that I might have to go somewhere else for my entry this time.
To my surprise, I found this recipe, named literally "Cake from Macao." The usage of the English work Cake in the name of the recipe is a dead give away that probably this recipe was British at one point in time, and just traveled from Hong Kong to Macao and then, as recipes get shared among friends and canasta parties, it ended up being called the cake from Macao.
I was intrigued by the usage of both brandy and anisette liqueur in this cake (I used Napoleon Cortel and Marie Brizard Anisette Liqueur), but the flavours were not discernible in the final product. The blackstrap molasses I used might be the culprit, its intense flavour overshadowing the other subtler flavours in the cake. I will have to try this recipe with a lighter molasses; it might prove to be less overpowering.
The cake is fine textured and very flavourful. The original recipe did not include baking powder but I did add some. Was afraid the cake would be too dense without it.
Cake de Macau
- 200 gr. butter (1/2 cup + 2 tbsp)
- 200 gr. sugar (3/4 cup sugar + 2 tbsp)
- 100 gr. raisins (1/2 cup)
- 100 gr. mixed candied fruit (1/2 cup)
- 250 gr. all-purpose flour (2 cups)
- 1 tsp baking powder
- 1/4 cup brandy
- 1/8 cup anisette liqueur
- 1/4 cup molasses
- 1/2 tsp freshly ground nutmeg
- 4 eggs
Beat together butter and sugar until you get a pale cream. Add the eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. Add the molasses, spirits and mix well. Finally add the flour mixture and mix until blended. Add the fruits.
Pour the batter into a well greased loaf pan and bake for about 50 minutes or until done.
Wednesday, April 20, 2005
Mom's Recipes
In January 2004 I lost my mother to pancreatic cancer. Although mom did not consider herself a good cook (she always compared herself to my grandmother who was an excellent cook) she really was. Mom believed that food should be done leisurely and flavours should be allowed to develop and mingle. Supper in your plate in 20 minutes was not in her vocabulary and it showed. The food was carefully prepared, with ample time for flavours to develop and cooked slowly.
One day, when she was a young newlywed, she bought a plain lined book and started lovingly to write down the recipes that she gathered from friends and acquaintances, the newspaper, magazine, dishes, cakes, puddings, anything that she thought tasted good enough to write down. On the inside cover, she wrote her name and the date - 1957.
I now have that recipe book. Many of those recipes I saw mom make over and over again. The pages have smudges, drops of hastily cleaned sugared mess, notes over the recipes showing adaptations she introduced, or how the dessert/cake/dish looked.
I have decided to test all of mom's recipes and the events of the food blogs are a nice way to present them. Not only will I be able to follow her steps in the kitchen, from a young bride to a beloved grandmother, but will also be an opportunity to share her recipes with friends and family who remember the flavours.
One day, when she was a young newlywed, she bought a plain lined book and started lovingly to write down the recipes that she gathered from friends and acquaintances, the newspaper, magazine, dishes, cakes, puddings, anything that she thought tasted good enough to write down. On the inside cover, she wrote her name and the date - 1957.
I now have that recipe book. Many of those recipes I saw mom make over and over again. The pages have smudges, drops of hastily cleaned sugared mess, notes over the recipes showing adaptations she introduced, or how the dessert/cake/dish looked.
I have decided to test all of mom's recipes and the events of the food blogs are a nice way to present them. Not only will I be able to follow her steps in the kitchen, from a young bride to a beloved grandmother, but will also be an opportunity to share her recipes with friends and family who remember the flavours.
Tuesday, April 19, 2005
Soupe d'orge et d'agneau avec des légumes
Today's recipe is my entry into blog appétit the French equivalent of IMBB and today's theme is lamb and peas. Since this is an entry for a French event I will proceed with the recipe in French. The English version, follows right after.
Celle-ci est une de mes soupes favorites, pleine de saveur et nutritive. Je la fais souvent. La recette originale a été conçue para Anne Lindsay et publié dans la revue Canadian Living, en janvier de 1999.
Soupe d'orge et d'agneau avec des légumes
This is one of my favourite soups flavourful and nourishing. This recipe is an adaptation of an original by Anne Lindsay, and was published in the January 1999 issue of Canadian Living magazine. If I have a large rutabaga I usually use the whole vegetable and increase the portion of lamb by a little bit.
Lamb Barley Soup with Vegetables
Makes 8 servings.
Soupe d'orge et d'agneau avec des légumes
- 320 gr. d'épaule d'ageau sans os, coupé en morceaux
- 1 litre de bouillon de boeuf
- 1 litre d'eau
- 125 ml d'orge perlé
- 1 feuille de laurier
- 1/2 chou-navet moyen, épluché et coupé en petits morceaux
- 1 grosse carotte, coupée
- 1 gros oignon, émincé
- 1 grosse pomme de terre, épluchée et coupé en petits morceaus
- 250 ml de petits pois fraîches ou surgelées
- 3 gousses d'ail hachées
- sel et poivre au goût
- 1 cuillère a thé de thym
- 1 poignée de persil frais haché
This is one of my favourite soups flavourful and nourishing. This recipe is an adaptation of an original by Anne Lindsay, and was published in the January 1999 issue of Canadian Living magazine. If I have a large rutabaga I usually use the whole vegetable and increase the portion of lamb by a little bit.
Lamb Barley Soup with Vegetables
- 3/4 pound boneless lamb shoulder
- 4 cups beef stock
- 4 cups water
- 1/2 cup pot barley
- 1 bay leaf
- 2 cups rutabaga, peeled and chopped
- 1 large carrot, chopped
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 1 large potato, peeled and cubed
- 1 cup fresh or frozen peas
- 3 cloves garlic, thinly sliced
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley
- salt and pepper to taste
Makes 8 servings.
Thursday, April 14, 2005
Ground Beef with Mushrooms
Granted, this dish is not much to look at, but it is very tasty and very easy to do. Honestly, I don't know what to call it. I made it one day, many eons ago, and it started innocently enough as a possible pasta sauce.
In an attemp to cut the calories, I decided against using oil. So I freed the ground beef from the shrink wrap and dropped the whole thing in the hot pan. It sizzled as it was supposed to and, as the meat cooked and released some of its juices, I added the chopped onion, garlic, celery, a little wine, a bouillon cube, and finally some sliced mushrooms. By this time it smelled divine and I thought it would be a crime to smother it in tomato sauce. I tasted a bit and was won over.
Ever since, I have made this recipe often, every time I don't want to or have no time to do a more elaborate dish. You can serve it with potatoes, rice, or just some bread and butter. I decided to go low-carb today and served it with sliced tomato sprinkled with oregano and a green salad.
Ground Beef with Mushrooms
This recipe makes 3 servings.
In an attemp to cut the calories, I decided against using oil. So I freed the ground beef from the shrink wrap and dropped the whole thing in the hot pan. It sizzled as it was supposed to and, as the meat cooked and released some of its juices, I added the chopped onion, garlic, celery, a little wine, a bouillon cube, and finally some sliced mushrooms. By this time it smelled divine and I thought it would be a crime to smother it in tomato sauce. I tasted a bit and was won over.
Ever since, I have made this recipe often, every time I don't want to or have no time to do a more elaborate dish. You can serve it with potatoes, rice, or just some bread and butter. I decided to go low-carb today and served it with sliced tomato sprinkled with oregano and a green salad.
Ground Beef with Mushrooms
- 1 pound extra-lean ground beef
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 4 large cloves of garlic, thinly sliced (or less if you think I'm overdoing it)
- 1 bay leaf
- 4 to 5 ribs celery, sliced (1 1/2 cups thinly sliced)
- 1/4 cup red wine
- 1 beef bouillon cube
- 8 oz sliced fresh mushrooms
This recipe makes 3 servings.
Monday, April 11, 2005
Cookbook
Almost 10 years ago I found this jewel of a cookbook on a garage sale. It cost me 25 cents. I love old cookbooks. This one "The Art of Coking and Serving", by Sarah Field Splint, Editor Food Department of McCall's Magazine, was printed in 1929.
The book has 549 tested recipes and was published as a vehicle for Crisco shortening. I do not use Crisco but have tried and adopted several reciped using butter instead of Crisco.
It is an excellent reference book. For instance, the recipe for white sauce is displayed in a table showing the ingredients on the vertical side and the quantities for thin, medium, thick, and very thick sauce on the horizontal side. Very useful. The same applies for muffins. The recipes for 8 types of muffins are also displayed on a table. It also has a chapter on large quantity cooking, featuring recipes for 50 servings.
Again, this is a small book, 5 x 7.5 inches, with 252 pages. A beautiful little thing.
The book has 549 tested recipes and was published as a vehicle for Crisco shortening. I do not use Crisco but have tried and adopted several reciped using butter instead of Crisco.
It is an excellent reference book. For instance, the recipe for white sauce is displayed in a table showing the ingredients on the vertical side and the quantities for thin, medium, thick, and very thick sauce on the horizontal side. Very useful. The same applies for muffins. The recipes for 8 types of muffins are also displayed on a table. It also has a chapter on large quantity cooking, featuring recipes for 50 servings.
Again, this is a small book, 5 x 7.5 inches, with 252 pages. A beautiful little thing.
Thursday, April 07, 2005
Potato and Tuna Salad
Several weks ago I purchased a small cookbook on sale at Loblaws, our biggest supermarket here in Canada. Loblaws carries about 3 or 4 shelves with magazines and cookbooks and every now and then they place a big bin in the middle of the store where they throw all the books on sale. When the bin is there this becomes a popular spot at the supermarket, crammed full of shopers searching for a bargain.
The book I bough is from the series Super Cookery from Parragon Publishing in the UK and, as far as I can see, does not have an author. It measures 5 x 6 inches and it is about 2-inches thick. I love these small books. It is called "Potatoes and Vegetables" and, of course, it features potatos in every recipe. It has a recipe per every two pages: the recipe on the left and the picture on the right. Most recipes also include two or three smaller pictures showing the steps.
The first recipe I tried was this one. It is full of flavour and it is excellent for lunch. My picture does not do it justice.
Potato and Tuna Salad
Steam the potatos por about 15 to 20 minutes or until done. Drain and set aside to cool.
Gently stir in the green pepper, the corn and sliced red onion. Spoon the potato mixture into a large serving bowl and arrange the flaked tuna and chopped black olives over the top. Season the salad with salt and freshly ground pepper.
To make the dressing, mash the garlic in a mortar with a pestle and add the remaining ingredients. Spoon the dressing onto the tuna, garnish with lime wedges and serve.
I did use fingerlings and did not use the green pepper. Also, I did not bother with the lime wedge. Instead, I mixed the salad with micro-greens. What you see in the picture is a salad in the plastic container that I use for work. At this state everything was already mixed and it does not look as pretty as when first put together.
The book includes a "Cook's tip" that reads: Served with acrisp white wine, this salad makes the perfect light lunch for summer or winter.
The book I bough is from the series Super Cookery from Parragon Publishing in the UK and, as far as I can see, does not have an author. It measures 5 x 6 inches and it is about 2-inches thick. I love these small books. It is called "Potatoes and Vegetables" and, of course, it features potatos in every recipe. It has a recipe per every two pages: the recipe on the left and the picture on the right. Most recipes also include two or three smaller pictures showing the steps.
The first recipe I tried was this one. It is full of flavour and it is excellent for lunch. My picture does not do it justice.
Potato and Tuna Salad
- 1 lb new potatoes, scrubbed and quartered
- 1 green bell pepper, sliced
- 1/2 cup canned corn, drained
- 1 red onion, sliced
- 10oz canned tuna in water, drained and flaked
- 2 tbsp chopped and pitted black olives
- salt and freshly ground pepper
- lime wedges, to garnish
- 2 tbsp mayonnaise
- 2 tbsp sour cream
- 1 tbsp lime juice
- 2 garlic cloves, crushed
- finely grated rind of 1 lime
Steam the potatos por about 15 to 20 minutes or until done. Drain and set aside to cool.
Gently stir in the green pepper, the corn and sliced red onion. Spoon the potato mixture into a large serving bowl and arrange the flaked tuna and chopped black olives over the top. Season the salad with salt and freshly ground pepper.
To make the dressing, mash the garlic in a mortar with a pestle and add the remaining ingredients. Spoon the dressing onto the tuna, garnish with lime wedges and serve.
I did use fingerlings and did not use the green pepper. Also, I did not bother with the lime wedge. Instead, I mixed the salad with micro-greens. What you see in the picture is a salad in the plastic container that I use for work. At this state everything was already mixed and it does not look as pretty as when first put together.
The book includes a "Cook's tip" that reads: Served with acrisp white wine, this salad makes the perfect light lunch for summer or winter.
Wednesday, April 06, 2005
Yesterday's dessert: Orange Jelly with Lemon and Cardamom
Niki from Esurientes - The Comfort Zone submitted this wonderful gelatin pudding for Sugar High Friday's #3. I love gelatin puddings but do not like your garden variety Jell-O brand which is nothing but sugar and food colouring. I n the picture below I was planning to put creme fraiche around it so that the yellow pudding could shine through. Unfortunately I dropped a blob of creme fraiche on top and that's what you see.
The difference between my recipe and Niki's I used President's Choice Organic's 100% Pure Orange Juice with Pulp, instead of going through the trouble of squeezing the juice out of the oranges, I used powdered gelatine and did not add water to the juices.
Orange Lemon Jelly with Cardamom
In the meantime heat the gelatine over gentle heat until melted. Add to the large pan of orange juice and add the grapefuit/lemon juices. Divide the mixture into 1/2-cup size gelatine containers, let cool completely and refrigerate for about 2 hours or until set.
Makes about ten/eleven 1/2 cup servings.
This gelatine has no sugar added and the grapefuit and lemon juices make it rather tart. I did not remove the cardamom pods. In fact I left the whole thing to float into the small containers. Once unmolded, the cardamom pieces could be seen inside the gelatine. Of course, if making this for company I would remove the cardamom bits. The flavour of cardamom is subtle and guests might not be able to identify it, but there is a difference from straight citrus juice that is extremelly appealing.
The difference between my recipe and Niki's I used President's Choice Organic's 100% Pure Orange Juice with Pulp, instead of going through the trouble of squeezing the juice out of the oranges, I used powdered gelatine and did not add water to the juices.
Orange Lemon Jelly with Cardamom
- 4 cups of 100% pure orange juice
- 2 tablespoons powdered gelatine
- 8 cardamom pods
- 1 pink grapefuit
- 1 lemon
In the meantime heat the gelatine over gentle heat until melted. Add to the large pan of orange juice and add the grapefuit/lemon juices. Divide the mixture into 1/2-cup size gelatine containers, let cool completely and refrigerate for about 2 hours or until set.
Makes about ten/eleven 1/2 cup servings.
This gelatine has no sugar added and the grapefuit and lemon juices make it rather tart. I did not remove the cardamom pods. In fact I left the whole thing to float into the small containers. Once unmolded, the cardamom pieces could be seen inside the gelatine. Of course, if making this for company I would remove the cardamom bits. The flavour of cardamom is subtle and guests might not be able to identify it, but there is a difference from straight citrus juice that is extremelly appealing.
Tuesday, April 05, 2005
Dinner tonight - Jennifer's Roast Chicken
Today I had a wonderful dinner, courtesy of Jennifer from "Roast Chicken Reasoning" blog for the main course and Niki (Esurientes - The Comfort Zone) for dessert. Unfortunately I did not take a picture of the whole meal as I intended, so tomorrow I'll write about Niki's Orange Jelly. It certainly deserves a full entry.
Jennifer's recipe for the herb/salt rub caught my attention. I had made roast chicken before, a little salt, a little freshly ground pepper, some dabs of butter, some wine for basting and that was it. Althought I use herbs often in my cooking, I have never used them in roast chicken. The concept of a rub was not something I was familiar with. So I decided to give it a try and let me tell you...it is out of this world.
I prepared the rub as per Jennifer's instructions but I did increase the garlic content. For a bona-fide Portuguese, 12 cloves of garlic for 1 pound of salt just ain't enough. I used 20 cloves instead. The kitchen smelled divine and below you can see how the rub looked.
I roughly followed Jennifer's instructions for preparing and roasting the chicken. In the end, the only thing I did before taking the picture of the roasted bird was to brush it with some of the oil pooled in the roasting pan. It was all that was needed to give it a little shine.
I was in a rush when I got home and did not wait for the chicken to warm to room temperature and I had to give an extra 10 minutes to the cooking time. Letting the chicken rest for 15 minutes was also a novel concept for me, but it was worth the wait.
I certainly learned how to roast a chicken and, after tasting this bird, I cannot go to my old way of preparing roast chicken. It will just not do.
Jennifer's recipe for the herb/salt rub caught my attention. I had made roast chicken before, a little salt, a little freshly ground pepper, some dabs of butter, some wine for basting and that was it. Althought I use herbs often in my cooking, I have never used them in roast chicken. The concept of a rub was not something I was familiar with. So I decided to give it a try and let me tell you...it is out of this world.
I prepared the rub as per Jennifer's instructions but I did increase the garlic content. For a bona-fide Portuguese, 12 cloves of garlic for 1 pound of salt just ain't enough. I used 20 cloves instead. The kitchen smelled divine and below you can see how the rub looked.
I roughly followed Jennifer's instructions for preparing and roasting the chicken. In the end, the only thing I did before taking the picture of the roasted bird was to brush it with some of the oil pooled in the roasting pan. It was all that was needed to give it a little shine.
I was in a rush when I got home and did not wait for the chicken to warm to room temperature and I had to give an extra 10 minutes to the cooking time. Letting the chicken rest for 15 minutes was also a novel concept for me, but it was worth the wait.
I certainly learned how to roast a chicken and, after tasting this bird, I cannot go to my old way of preparing roast chicken. It will just not do.
Saturday, April 02, 2005
Favas Guisadas (Braised Fava Bean)
Braised fava beans stew is one of my favourite dishes. It is easy to make, redolent of the garlic, chorizo, and fresh coriander leaves that go into it and shock-full of flavour.
There are many recipes for favas guisadas. Some use the dark blood sausage as well as the chorizo, some do not use onion, only garlic, and some spoon the prepared stew into slices of bread. When I make this dish I can either use the blood sausage or not, depending on availability. This recipe does not use it. I served it with a slice of buttered sourdough bread, a simple salad of micro-greens and a glass of Mateus Rosé I had languishing in my fridge.
Fava beans are available in the fall and they are like giant green beans, with large, flat seeds inside. Fava bean season is not a long one and very often I use frozen fava beans, which I find quite acceptable in taste and texture. Use fresh fava beans early in the season when they are at their best and very tender. Good quality frozen beans are also tender. In the picture below you can see the ingredients used in this recipe.
Chouriço (shore-EE-so) is a Portuguese sausage made with pork. The meat is cut into chunks and marinated for about fifteen days in a marinade of red wine, lots of garlic, salt, pepper and sweet paprika, then stuffed into casings and smoked for about three months or until cured.
Toucinho, as you can see in the picture, is like bacon but prepared without the sugar.
Favas Guisadas
2 oz toucinho or bacon, cut into small cubes
1 onion, chopped
4 to 5 large cloves garlic finely sliced
750 grs of frozen fava beans (about 4 cups shelled beans)
About 4 to 5 inches of chouriço, thinly sliced
1/4 small bunch fresh coriander (I did not have, so I used parsley)
1 large bay leaf or 2 small ones
Put a dutch oven on the stove and switch on the element at a very low setting (mark 3). Cut the bacon into small cubes and drop it into the dutch over. The bacon fat will be rendered slowly. Once rendered, add the onion and the garlic. Continue cooking over gentle heat for about 15 minutes, until the onion is transparent and limp.
Add the frozen favas, two tablespoons of water, the sliced chouriço and the coriander or parsley, well washed. The herbs do not need to be chopped, but you can do it if you prefer. Add the bay leaf. Season with salt and freshly ground pepper.
Cover the dutch over and let cook slowly. Every now and then shake the dutch oven to move stuff around but do not open, before at least 45 minutes have passed.
The stew is ready when the favas have lost their bright green colour and the skin is wrinkled. Stick you fork into one. It should be very tender. If you fell resistance the favas are not ready.
This dish can be done a little faster, by increasing the heat. You must add 1/4 cup water and you will need to use a wooden spoon to mix the stew and avoid it being scorched or have the favas stuck to the pan. The mixing with a spoon will result in the legumes being broken and some mashed at the end of the cooking time.
Update note on April 7, 2005: I just realized, by reading on cooking terms, that "guisado", something usually cooked slowly with little liquid added should be called "braised" instead of "stew". Stews usually have lots of liquid added to the peparation.
There are many recipes for favas guisadas. Some use the dark blood sausage as well as the chorizo, some do not use onion, only garlic, and some spoon the prepared stew into slices of bread. When I make this dish I can either use the blood sausage or not, depending on availability. This recipe does not use it. I served it with a slice of buttered sourdough bread, a simple salad of micro-greens and a glass of Mateus Rosé I had languishing in my fridge.
Fava beans are available in the fall and they are like giant green beans, with large, flat seeds inside. Fava bean season is not a long one and very often I use frozen fava beans, which I find quite acceptable in taste and texture. Use fresh fava beans early in the season when they are at their best and very tender. Good quality frozen beans are also tender. In the picture below you can see the ingredients used in this recipe.
Chouriço (shore-EE-so) is a Portuguese sausage made with pork. The meat is cut into chunks and marinated for about fifteen days in a marinade of red wine, lots of garlic, salt, pepper and sweet paprika, then stuffed into casings and smoked for about three months or until cured.
Toucinho, as you can see in the picture, is like bacon but prepared without the sugar.
Favas Guisadas
2 oz toucinho or bacon, cut into small cubes
1 onion, chopped
4 to 5 large cloves garlic finely sliced
750 grs of frozen fava beans (about 4 cups shelled beans)
About 4 to 5 inches of chouriço, thinly sliced
1/4 small bunch fresh coriander (I did not have, so I used parsley)
1 large bay leaf or 2 small ones
Put a dutch oven on the stove and switch on the element at a very low setting (mark 3). Cut the bacon into small cubes and drop it into the dutch over. The bacon fat will be rendered slowly. Once rendered, add the onion and the garlic. Continue cooking over gentle heat for about 15 minutes, until the onion is transparent and limp.
Add the frozen favas, two tablespoons of water, the sliced chouriço and the coriander or parsley, well washed. The herbs do not need to be chopped, but you can do it if you prefer. Add the bay leaf. Season with salt and freshly ground pepper.
Cover the dutch over and let cook slowly. Every now and then shake the dutch oven to move stuff around but do not open, before at least 45 minutes have passed.
The stew is ready when the favas have lost their bright green colour and the skin is wrinkled. Stick you fork into one. It should be very tender. If you fell resistance the favas are not ready.
This dish can be done a little faster, by increasing the heat. You must add 1/4 cup water and you will need to use a wooden spoon to mix the stew and avoid it being scorched or have the favas stuck to the pan. The mixing with a spoon will result in the legumes being broken and some mashed at the end of the cooking time.
Update note on April 7, 2005: I just realized, by reading on cooking terms, that "guisado", something usually cooked slowly with little liquid added should be called "braised" instead of "stew". Stews usually have lots of liquid added to the peparation.
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